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The Four Wheel Drive Auto Company, more often known as Four Wheel Drive (FWD), was a pioneering American company that developed and produced all-wheel drive vehicles. It was founded in 1909 in Clintonville, Wisconsin, as the Badger Four-Wheel Drive Auto Company by Otto Zachow and William Besserdich.^[1] The first production facility was built in 1911 and was designed by architect Wallace W. DeLong of Appleton, Wisconsin.^[2]

FWD renamed FWD Corporation and its associates Seagrave, Baker Aerialscope, and Almonte Fire Trucks were sold in 2003 to an investment group headed by former American LaFrance executive James Hebe. Today, the Seagrave Fire Apparatus group is a flagship company of ELB Capital Management.

History[edit]

Zachow and Besserdich developed and built the first successful four-wheel drive (4x4) car, the 'Battleship', in 1908. Its success led to the founding of the company. 'Badger' was dropped from the name in 1910.^[1] Besserdich and Zachow's patented full time four wheel drive system combined a lockable center differential with double-Y constant velocity universal joints for steering. In modern terms the 'Battleship' would be considered all wheel drive, as all FWD products featured full-time four wheel drive with a lockable center differential.

The success of the four-wheel drive in early military tests prompted the company to switch from cars to trucks. In 1916 the U.S. Army ordered 147 Model B three ton trucks for the Pancho Villa Expedition.^[3] The U.S. Army ordered 15,000 FWD Model B three ton trucks as the 'Truck, 3 ton, Model 1917' during World War I with over 14,000 actually delivered; additional orders came from the United Kingdom and Russia.^[4] In two world wars, U.S. and allied armies depended on such four-wheel drive vehicles.^[5] Numerous FWD model B trucks, both military and civilian, survive in working condition; a Model 1917 U.S. Army truck in working condition is on display at the Fort MacArthur Military Museum, San Pedro, Los Angeles, California.

4 Wheel Drive Beetle

Early FWD vehicles were made with a track width of 4 feet 8¹⁄₂ inches (1.435 m) so they could quickly be used on a standard gauge railway line merely by changing the wheels.

The FWD Model B was produced under license by four additional manufacturers during World War I: Peerless Motor Company, Cleveland, Ohio; Kissel Motor Car Company, Hartford, Wisconsin; Premier Motor Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Mitchell Motor Car Company, Racine, Wisconsin.^[6]

Three FWD Model B trucks were included in the 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy. According to 1st Lt. E. R. Jackson, the official Ordnance Department observer: 'The three (3) Four Wheel Drive Trucks were, in general, the most satisfactory in the Convoy and of all of the various makes represented, the F.W.D.'s alone were able to pull through all of the bad, muddy, and sandy stretches of road in Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah and Nevada absolutely unaided.' (emphasis in the original.)^[7]

A Canadian subsidiary was set up in conjunction with Dominion Truck of Kitchener, Ontario by 1919.

A British subsidiary was set up at Slough in 1921. In 1926, the British FWD, also known as the Jeffry Quad, was produced with a larger 70 bhp engine.

A relationship with premier race car constructor Harry Miller resulted in the Four Wheel Drive Miller that competed successfully at the Indianapolis 500 in 1931 and later. This car was intended to demonstrate that the advantages FWD's lockable center differential were not limited to off-road driving. One example survives and has competed in premier vintage race car meets such as the Goodwood Festival of Speed. 'The Last Great Miller' by Griffith Borgeson gives a complete history of this landmark car.

In 1932, AEC took a controlling interest in the British company and began to use more standard AEC components in the Slough-built vehicles. To distinguish these from imported U.S. FWD vehicles, they were marketed under the name Hardy. Production ceased about 1936, but AEC exploited its experience with all-wheel drive in its Second World WarMatador (4x4) and Marshall (6x6) vehicles.

In 1939, the company formed a flight department. Their acquisition of a used Waco biplane would eventually evolve into North Central Airlines.

In 1958, the company's name was changed to FWD Corporation.

In 1963, FWD acquired Seagrave Fire Apparatus who then moved from their old location in Columbus, Ohio, to their current location at FWD in Clintonville, Wisconsin. Many tower ladders in the 1990s using Seagrave chassis were branded as FWD. They used Baker Aerialscopes for the boom which FWD had also acquired over the years along with Almonte Fire Trucks.

Randolph Lenz, chairman of FWD's parent company, Corsta Corp., became embroiled in a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation suit, and in 2003 all assets of FWD, FWD Corporation, Seagrave, Baker Aerialscope, and Almonte Fire Trucks were sold to an investment group headed by former American LaFrance executive James Hebe. Today, the Seagrave Fire Apparatus group is a flagship company of ELB Capital Management.

See also[edit]

• G-numbers, (SNL G174)
• Luella Bates. first licensed woman truck driver employed by the Four Wheel Drive Auto Co. 1918-1922.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abBorth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945, pp. 210-14.
2. ^'Machinery and Tool Manufacture'. Industrial World. 45 (1): 299. March 6, 1911 – via Google Books.
3. ^Karolevitz, Robert (1967). This Was Trucking: A Pictorial History of the First Quarter Century of the Trucking Industry. Seattle: Superior Publishing Company. p. 100. ISBN0-87564-524-0.
4. ^'FWD Model B'. Military Factory. Military Factory. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
5. ^Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945, pp. 212-14.
6. ^Karolevitz, p.100
7. ^Jackson, E. R. (October 31, 1919). 'Report of the First Transcontinental Motor Convoy'. U.S. War Department. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Ordinance Department Tank, Truck and Trailer Division: 15.

External links[edit]

4 Wheel Drive Vs All Wheel Drive

• http://www.eliason-snowmobile.com/ Early product
• https://archive.org/details/americasmunitio01deptgoog Early vehicles
• http://www.landships.freeservers.com/new_pages/fwd_truck_info.htm Liberty truck
• http://www.mace-b.com/38TMW/Missiles/MM-1.htm Teracruzer

Group B (4WD): 1982 - 1986

As the World Rally Championship rolled into the 1980s, the rear-wheel-drive cars such as the Ford Escorts, Fiat 131s and Lancia Stratos were pushed aside to make way for a new era: Group B.

Group B welcomed some of the most spectacular rally cars the world had ever seen, boasting four-wheel-drive and in some cases over 500 brake horsepower. Sources at the time claimed that a Group B car could accelerate from 0-60mph (96km/h) on a gravel road in just 2.3 seconds.

Although the FIA had made four-wheel-drive legal back in 1979, many manufacturers assumed that it was simply too complicated and would not be competitive. However, in 1982, Audi wheeled out its brand-new Quattro and enjoyed immediate success.

The extra power from its turbocharged engine in addition to the traction gained from its four-wheel-drive system were clear advantages. As a result, the German firm enjoyed success with Manufacturers’ titles in ‘82 and ‘84 as well as Drivers’ titles in ‘83 and ‘84 at the hands of Hannu Mikkola and Stig Blomqvist respectively.

As other manufacturers cottoned on to the Quattro’s success, the fight for the World Rally Championship became even more heated. Ari Vatanen was a force to be reckoned with during the 1985 season and looked set to take the spoils in his flame-spitting Peugeot 205 T16. However, a terrifying incident during Rally Argentina caused the Finn some serious injuries, essentially handing the victory to his teammate Timo Salonen as Vatanen recovered on the sidelines.

The battle resumed in 1986 and a long list of rallying royalty took to the stages across the globe. Names including Toivonen (Lancia), Alén (Lancia), Röhrl (Audi), Salonen (Peugeot) and Pond (MG) all set out to challenge for the title.

Auto 4 Wheel Drive

Lancia edged an early lead at the beginning of the season thanks to strong performances in Monte Carlo and Sweden from their drivers Toivonen & Alén. At the third round in Portugal, the Italian firm looked strong once more as they held a 1-2-3 after stage 3.

However, disaster struck when the Ford RS200 of Joaquim Santos lost control during the next speed test and collided with a crowd, killing three and injuring over 30 spectators. As a result, many of the teams withdrew from the remainder of the event.

4 Wheel Drive Truck Wheels

Toivonen was victorious once again in Italy and asserted his dominance as the title favourite. But, at the following round in Corsica, the World Rally Championship was turned on its head.

During the 17th stage of the event, Toivonen’s Lancia Delta S4 left the road and plunged down a mountainside before bursting into flames. He and his co-driver Sergio Cresta were killed instantly.

Following on from the tragedy, the FIA announced that it would ban Group B cars after the end of the season, deeming them simply too fast to compete safely. At the end of the era the results from the San Remo Rally were declared void, leaving Juha Kankkunen to take the crown with his Peugeot.