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1. First Skeleton Unit Painted Kriget Kommer Glass
2. First Skeleton Unit Painted Kriget Kommer 1
3. First Skeleton Unit Painted Kriget Kommer 2

A skeleton is a type of physically manifested undead often found in fantasy, gothic and horror fiction, and mythicalart. Most are human skeletons, but they can also be from any creature or race found on Earth or in the fantasy world.

Myth and folklore[edit]

Animated human skeletons have been used as a personification of death in Western culture since the Middle Ages, a personification perhaps influenced by the valley of the dry bones in the Book of Ezekiel.^[1] The Grim Reaper is often depicted as a hooded skeleton holding a scythe (and occasionally an hourglass), which has been attributed to Hans Holbein the Younger (1538).^[2] Death as one of the biblicalhorsemen of the Apocalypse has been depicted as a skeleton riding a horse. The Triumph of Death is a 1562 painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depicting an army of skeletons raiding a town and slaughtering its occupants.^[3]

'The Boy Who Wanted the Willies' is a Brothers Grimm fairy tale in which a boy named Hans joins a circle of dancing skeletons.^{[citation needed]}

In Japanese folklore, Mekurabe are rolling skulls with eyeballs who menace Taira no Kiyomori.^[4]

Mexico[edit]

Figurines and images of skeletons doing routine things are common in Mexico's Day of the Dead celebration, where skulls symbolize life and their familiar circumstances invite levity. Highly-decorated sugar-skull candy has become one the most recognizable elements of the celebrations.^[5][6]

The moderns association between skeleton iconography and the Day of the Dead was inspired by La Calavera Catrina, a zinc etching created by Mexican cartoonist José Guadalupe Posada in the 1910s and published posthumously in 1930.^[7] Initially a satire of Mexican women who were ashamed of their indigenous origins and dressed imitating the French style, wearing heavy makeup to make their skin look whiter, it later became a more general symbol of vanity.^[8] During the 20th Century, the Catrina entrenched itself in the Mexican consciousness and became a national icon, often depicted in folk art.

Modern fiction[edit]

Literature[edit]

• The animated skeleton features in some Gothic fiction. One early example is in the short story 'Thurnley Abbey' (1908) by Perceval Landon, originally published in his collection Raw Edges.^[9] It is reprinted in many modern anthologies, such as The 2nd Fontana Book of Great Ghost Stories and The Penguin Book of Horror Stories.
• An anthropomorphic depiction of Death which looks like a skeleton in a black robe appears in almost all volumes of Terry Pratchett's fantasy series Discworld, including five novels where he is the lead character.^[10]

Film and TV[edit]

• Undead skeletons have been portrayed in fantasy films such as The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958), The Black Cauldron (1985), Army of Darkness (1992), The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), and Corpse Bride (2005).
• An extended battle scene against an army of skeletal warriors was produced by animator Ray Harryhausen for Jason and the Argonauts (1963) and is remembered as one of the most sophisticated and influential visual effects sequences of its day.^[11]

Games[edit]

• Animated skeletons have been used and portrayed extensively in fantasyrole-playing games. In a tradition that goes back to the pen-and-paper game Dungeons & Dragons, the basic animated skeleton is commonly employed as a low-level undead enemy, typically easy for a player to defeat in combat. Thus, in games which make use of them, such enemies often appear relatively early in the gameplay and are considered a suitable opponent for novice players.^[12] In these contexts, they are commonly armed with medieval weapons and sometimes wear armor. Some games may also introduce higher-level variants with heightened resilience or combat skills as well as the ability to cast spells or communicate.^[13]
• In the PlayStation action-adventure series MediEvil, the protagonist is an animated skeleton knight named Sir Daniel Fortesque.^[14]
• In the 1999 cult classic Planescape: Torment, Morte is a character who joins the protagonist on his quest and is essentially a sentient, levitating human skull with intact eyeballs who cracks wise and fights by biting.^[15]
• In the 2009 Minecraft video game, skeletons appear as a bow-wielding monster that shoots players with their bow and burn under the sunlight. Sometimes the skeletons spawn with enchanted bows or a random piece of armor, or random full armor, or without bow, and they can pick melee weapons. In Halloween, they can spawn wearing carved pumpkin or Jack O' Lantern on their heads.
• In the video game Fable III, there exist a race of antagonal characters called 'hollow men' which are featured throughout the game.
• A duo of animated skeleton brothers plays an important role in the role-playing gameUndertale. Named Sans and Papyrus, the brothers' dialogue text is printed in Comic Sans and Papyrus fonts, respectively.^[16]
• Following a poll taken during their Kickstarter campaign, Larian Studios added a playable skeleton race in their 2017 RPG Divinity: Original Sin II, as well as an ancient skeletal character named Fane.^[17]
• Following the first game, the skeletons were re-added in Minecraft Dungeons, a 2020 dungeon crawler game released by Mojang Studios as the guards of The Nameless One, the king of the undead. In this form, they're armed by a glaive, wielding shield, and wears iron helmet and chestplate, and named as Skeleton Vanguards. They also spawn as their original bow-wielding form, sometimes wearing iron helmet.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Paffenroth, Kim; Morehead, John W. (2012). ''Can These Bones Live Again?': Theological Considerations of the Zombie Walk'. The Undead and Theology. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 112–120. ISBN9781610978750.
2. ^'Dancing with Death: The origins and development of the Dance of Death motif and its representation in graphic art'. University of Glasgow Library. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
3. ^V., Andrey (8 June 2018). 'The Triumphant Return of The Triumph of Death - Pieter Bruegel the Elder Restored at Museo del Prado'. Widewalls. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
4. ^'Mekurabe – Yokai.com'. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
5. ^Chef, Katelyn (1 November 2016). 'A Sweet History of Sugar Skulls on Day of the Dead'. Martha Stewart. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
6. ^'History of Day of the Dead & the Mexican Sugar Skull Tradition'. MexicanSugarSkull.com. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
7. ^Widyolar, Keith (4 November 2018). 'Catrina La Calavera Garbancera is the icon of the Day of the Dead'. New York Latin Culture Magazine. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
8. ^'La Catrina'. Copal, Mexican Folk Art at its best Online. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
9. ^Leeder, Murray (2017). The Modern Supernatural and the Beginnings of Cinema. Calgary, AB: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 149. ISBN9781137583710.
10. ^'Thousands ask Death to give Terry Pratchett back'. The Independent. 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
11. ^Clark, Nick (8 May 2013). 'Ray Harryhausen, the visual effects master famed for skeleton battle in Jason and the Argonauts, dies aged 92'. The Independent. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
12. ^'Skeletons (Concept)'. Giant Bomb. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
13. ^'Skeletal Mage'. D&D Beyond. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
14. ^'Sir Daniel returns in 4K in MediEvil Remaster for PlayStation 4'. VG247. 2017-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
15. ^'Morte (Character)'. Giant Bomb. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
16. ^Schilling, Chris (2018-05-05). 'The making of Undertale'. PC Gamer. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
17. ^Kelly, Andy (2017-09-26). 'The joys of being dead in Divinity: Original Sin 2'. PC Gamer. Retrieved 2018-12-29.

A HISTORY OF THE SKELETON

Introduction

Physicians from antiquity through the Renaissance discussed the formand function of the skeleton in their writings, yet didn't view their discoveriesas overly noteworthy. Beginning with Galen, the investigations of the skeletonfollowed a certain pattern. Physicians were primarily impressed with thehardness of the bone. Shortly after noticing the hardness, they would commenton the role bones had in maintaining structural integrity. The final semi-enthusiasticdeclaration was how the bones provided protection for the body's softerareas like the brain or heart. Each succeeding generation after Galen reliedheavily upon his knowledge and added relatively little original discoveries.The comments from Galen, Avicenna, the pre-Vesalian anatomists, Leonardoda Vinci, Jacopo Berengario da Carpi and William Harvey reveal that thesemedical authorities understood what the skeleton did for the body to a largeextent. The lack of mystery about bones, as compared to the greater mysterieswithin the body, caused them to overlook much beyond the fact that bonesprovide protection and structure for the body, or that they are just plainhard.

Questions to consider: Why was the skeleton seen as a less interestingobject for investigation compared to other parts of the body?

A Collection of Quotations from Original Sources and Images of theSkeleton:

Antiquity

Galen, 200 A.D.

'To protect the system completely, it was better for it to consistof many bones, and further, of bones just as hard as they are.'

'Now the encephalon had to be protected by a strong enclosure andNature consequently did not merely entrust its defense to the skin, as shedid for the parts in the abdomen, but first, before the skin was put on,she invested it with bone like a helmet.'

'The femur has with good reason been made the largest of all thebones in the body, for it is fitted directly into the acetabulum and isthe first bone to sustain the whole weight of the body above it.'

'Wherever bones must articulate with one another, particularly ifthe bones are large, one bone necessarily receives the other, which entersit, and the one that receives needs a concavity, and the one that enters,a convexity.'

The Middle Ages

Avicenna, 980-1037

'The skeletal system is predominantly composed of Earth.'

'The external configuration of the body, including the physiognomy,is a reflection of the functional capacity of the internal organs and generalmake-up of the individual. Every detail of the physique, length of limbs,of fingers, contours etc. are all part and parcel with the functional conformationsof the viscera, and the mental characters.'

'In the case of bone, the equable temperament has dryness more thanother qualities. Each organ and member has also received the proper temperamentrequisite for its function.'

'The bone: this is the hardest of all the members. It is howevermoister than hair, because bone is derived from the blood, and its fumeis dry, so that it dries up the humours naturally located in the bones.This accounts for the fact that many animals thrive on bones, whereas noanimal thrives on hair-- or at least it would be a very exceptional thingif hair ever did provide nourishment. The proof that bone is moister thanhair is that when equal weights of bones and hair are distilled in a retort,more water and oil will flow and less 'faex' will remain.

First Skeleton Unit Painted Kriget Kommer Glass

Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, 1460-1530 (illustrations from Da Carpi'stext)

'This is properly called the hand, so called from emanating, becausefrom this part almost all handicrafts emanate. Between this and the secondpart is a juncture composed of many bones called in Arabic raseta and ascamand in Greek carpus.'

First Skeleton Unit Painted Kriget Kommer 1

'The ribs are attached to the twelve first vertebrae below the neckand to the aforesaid bones of the chest and the panniculi covering them.Their complexion is cold and dry. Their services are evident. They sufferall kinds of ills. Their anatomy would best see you if you could turn yourattention to them alone in an individual, paying no attention to spiritualmembers.'

'The posterior bone is harder because the posterior contents areharder. The posterior bone is also harder because the eyes cannot protectit with their sight.'

Pre-Vesalian Anatomists

'The cranium is a large bone covering the brain on the outside;it is woven together with the junctions called adoreae, that is, sawlike,through which vapor or smoke goes forth and the sinewy fibers from the auramater.'--Alessandro Achillini, 1520

'There are thirty vertebrae. But the round bone upon which the headrests makes thirty-one when it is included in the number of the vertebrae.There are seven vertebrae of the neck; they are slender but have a largercavity or aperture, however, and are hard and firmly joined to each other.Or does the tenth vertebra have two pieces or processes? Or do the processesascend above and descend below the tenth vertebra? Or does the tenth vertebrahave two cavities?'--Alessandro Achillini, 1520

'In the larger hand there are thirty bones, there would be thirty-oneif the ninth of Galen was included, but that, however, is a monkey bone.'--AlessandroAchillini, 1520

'The bones of the arms and legs and the ribs arise from the spine,hard, stable, heavy, as the firm foundation of the entire body. For thisreason they are stiff and dry, without sensation, since otherwise they wouldbe continually subject to pain. '--Alessandro Achillini, 1520

First Skeleton Unit Painted Kriget Kommer 2

'Some bones either protect the body, such as the skull, ribs, radius,or ward off objects that strike, such as the spinous processes of the vertebrae,or fill out empty spaces, as the bone which they call the patella in theknee. Others are more solid and most strong, some are perforated such asthe cranium, some are full of marrow for nourishment.'--AlessandroAchillini, 1520

'All the bones are covered with a membrane or periosteum. When thisis torn away they are straightaway destroyed, nor do they have sensationwithout it, since they are cold (as has often been stated) and dry of nature.'--AlessandroAchillini, 1463-1512

'It is very clearly apparent from the admonitions of Galen how greatis the usefulness of a knowledge of the bones, since the bones are the foundationof the rest of the parts of the body and all the members rest upon themand are supported, as proceeding from a primary base. Thus if any one isignorant of the structure of the bones it follows necessarily that he willbe ignorant of very many other things along with them.'-- Niccolo Massa,1559

'Nature has made the spine for animals to be like the keel of thebody that is necessary for their life; for it is thanks to the spine thatwe can walk erect and each of the other animals can walk in the posturethat is the better one for it...'-- Nicolo Massa, 1559

Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519 (illustrations from Da Vinci's text)

'Make a demonstration of these ribs in which the thorax is shownfrom within, and also another which has the thorax raised and which permitsthe dorsal spine to be seen from the internal aspect. Cause these 2 scapulae(spatole) to be seen from above, from below, from the front, from behind,and forward.'

Other Renaissance illustrations:

William Harvey, 1543

'On each side twelve ribs, seven true, the rest false, short; bydegrees shorter as the body is bent at the sides; without compression lestit press the intestines.'

'Long neck in men is a sign of timidity, if subtle, of weakness,as some stags have a long neck (seven vertebrae). Short and thick neck signifiessteadfastness, headstrong, stubbornness.The sign of a cuckold is perhapsa very long and rounded neck, the sign of a cold brain and of a temperamentwhich is impotent for venerity and timid.'

'There are three uses for the sternum: rampart for the heart andvitals, binding for the ribs, support for the membranes of the mediastinum.Sometimes it protrudes outward, out cheated, origin of gibbosity. The sternumis made up of 6 or 7 bones, more in children and fewer occur in old age.'

'Sutures of the skull act as breathing devices of the cerebrum,of expansion.'

Conclusion